Welcome to our take on the history of Brussels, a city that has been shaped by trade, politics, and culture over the centuries. Today, Brussels is not only the capital of Belgium but also the administrative heart of the European Union. From its medieval guild halls and grand squares to its reputation for world-class chocolate and beer, Brussels is a city where history meets modern cosmopolitan life. Let’s explore how this remarkable destination grew into one of Europe’s most vibrant capitals.
Early Origins (Roman times – 10th century)
Archaeological evidence suggests that Brussels was first settled by the Romans, who established a small fort on the banks of the River Senne. By the 6th century, the area was home to a Christian community founded around the chapel of Saint Gaugericus. The city’s name is thought to derive from the Old Dutch word Broekzele, meaning “settlement in the marshes,” reflecting the wetlands that once surrounded it.
By the 10th century, Charles, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, built a fortification on the island of Saint-Géry, marking Brussels’ rise as a defensible and important regional centre.
Medieval Growth (11th – 15th centuries)
During the Middle Ages, Brussels prospered as a trading hub thanks to its position on key commercial routes. Wool and cloth weaving became the backbone of the local economy, and by the 12th century the city was enclosed by stone walls for protection.
The construction of the Grand Place, now one of the most famous squares in Europe, symbolised the city’s wealth and civic pride. Magnificent guild halls surrounded the square, where merchants gathered to trade goods and influence politics. By the 15th century, Brussels had grown into a major European city and even became the seat of the Dukes of Burgundy.
Spanish and Austrian Rule (16th – 18th centuries)
From the 1500s onwards, Brussels experienced turbulent times. After being incorporated into the Spanish Netherlands, the city became a focal point for political conflict and religious strife. In 1695, Brussels suffered devastating bombardments by French troops, destroying much of the medieval city, including large parts of the Grand Place.
Reconstruction brought about stunning baroque-style buildings that still impress visitors today. In the 18th century, Brussels came under Austrian Habsburg rule, ushering in a period of relative stability and cultural flourishing.
19th Century Independence and Modernisation
Brussels played a crucial role in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, which resulted in Belgium’s independence. The city was named the new capital and underwent extensive urban development.
King Leopold II in particular left a strong mark, commissioning ambitious projects such as the Royal Palace, the Cinquantenaire arch, and the wide boulevards that shaped modern Brussels. At the same time, Art Nouveau architecture, led by designers like Victor Horta, gave Brussels a reputation as one of Europe’s most stylish capitals.
World Wars and Post-War Europe (20th century)
Brussels endured occupation during both World War I and World War II. Despite these difficult years, the city recovered and redefined itself in the post-war era.
In 1958, Brussels hosted Expo 58, the World’s Fair, which introduced the Atomium, a futuristic landmark that remains a symbol of the city today. Brussels also became the headquarters of the European Union and NATO, making it a key player in international politics and diplomacy.
Present Day Brussels
Today, Brussels is a cosmopolitan city with over 180 nationalities, making it one of the most multicultural capitals in the world. The city’s economy is driven by EU institutions, international business, and tourism.
Top attractions include:
- The Grand Place, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Manneken Pis, the quirky symbol of Brussels
- Royal Palace of Brussels and Cinquantenaire Park
- Atomium, a futuristic icon
- Comic Strip Route, celebrating Belgium’s legacy in cartoons
- A culinary scene famous for Belgian waffles, fries, chocolate, and beer
With a mix of historic charm, political significance, and cultural energy, Brussels continues to attract millions of visitors each year.
Book Your Brussels Tour Today!
Brussels is a city where medieval guild halls meet modern European institutions, offering visitors a unique journey through history, culture, and cuisine. Whether you want to marvel at the Grand Place, taste world-class chocolate, or explore the EU quarter, Brussels is ready to welcome you.
Join us on at Brussels Day Tours , and discover why this remarkable city is considered the heart of Europe.
